Sliding Windows

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Sliding Windows

TCP uses the concept of sliding windows for transferring data between machines. Sliding windows are often referred to in the Unix environment as streams. Each machine has both a send window and a receive window that it utilizes to buffer data and make the communication process more efficient. A window represents the subset of data that is currently being sent to a destination machine, and is also the amount of data that is being received by the destination machine. At first this seems redundant, but it really isn’t. Not all data that is sent is guaranteed to be received, so they must be kept track of on both machines. A sliding window allows a sending machine to send the window data in a stream without having to wait for an acknowledgment for every single packet.

A receiving window allows a machine to receive packets out of order and reorganize them while it waits for more packets. This reorganization may be necessary because TCP utilizes IP to transmit data, and IP does not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets. Figure 2.19 shows the send and receive windows that exist on machines that have TCP/IP installed. By default, window sizes in Windows NT are a little more than 8 KB in size, representing eight standard ethernet frames. Standard ethernet frames are a little more than 1KB apiece.

Packets do not always make it to their destination, though. TCP has been designed to recover in the event that packets are lost along the way, perhaps by busy routers. TCP keeps track of the data that has been sent out, and if it doesn’t receive an acknowledgment for that data from the destination machine in a certain amount of time, the data is re-sent. In fact, until acknowledgment for a packet of data is received, further data transmission is halted completely.

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