Addressing

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Addressing

The most fundamental element of the Internet Protocol is the address space that IP uses. Each machine on a network is given a unique 32-bit address called an Internet address or IP address. Addresses are divided into five categories, called classes. There are currently A, B, C, D, and E classes of addresses. The unique address given to a machine is derived from the Class A, B, or C addresses. Class D addresses are used for combining machines into one functional group, and Class E addresses are considered experimental and are not currently available. For now, the most important concept to understand is that each machine requires a unique address and IP is responsible for maintaining, utilizing, and manipulating it to provide communication between two machines. The whole concept behind uniquely identifying machines is to be able to send data to one machine and one machine only, even in the event that the IP stack has to broadcast at the Physical layer. Figure 2.26 illustrates how IP can distinguish between machines even when the frame is sent as a broadcast at the physical address layer.

If IP receives data from the network interface layer that is addressed to another machine or is not a broadcast, its directions are to silently discard the packet and not continue processing it.

IP receives information in the form of packets from the Transport layer, from either TCP or UDP, and sends out data in what are commonly referred to as datagrams. The size of a datagram is dependent upon the type of network that is being used, such as token-ring or ethernet. If a packet has too much data to be transmitted in one datagram, it is broken into pieces and transmitted through several datagrams. Each of these datagrams has to then be reassembled by TCP or UDP. More on fragmentation and reassembly is discussed in the “Fragmentation and Reassembly” section later in this chapter.

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