Introduction

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Introduction

Your ability to successfully troubleshoot connectivity problems with TCP/IP depends upon your mastery of all the concepts of TCP/IP. For example, you must know how TCP/IP addresses work, how host names are resolved, and how routers are used to direct TCP/IP traffic. Without understanding how TCP/IP traffic makes its way from one host to another, you cannot know which tools to use to diagnose the problem and how to solve the problem itself. All the skills you mastered in prior chapters come into play as you troubleshoot TCP/IP problems.

As a client makes a TCP/IP connection, the packet prepared by TCP/IP must work its way through the TCP/IP architecture. Figure 16.1 shows the TCP/IP architecture. An incoming packet must first connect to the adapter card, as specified by the MAC address of the network card. This is the Network Interface layer. Then the packet works its way to the Internet layer, as specified by the TCP/IP address. The Transport layer is next, using the UDP or TCP protocols. The last layer is the Application layer, where the user actually sees a connection via a drive connection, printer connection, FTP session (File Transfer Protocol, a TCP/IP utility to copy files from an FTP server), Web session, or a Telnet session.

Although TCP/IP works through four layers, troubleshooting TCP/IP can be divided into just two main areas: TCP/IP address configuration and host name resolution. When configuring TCP/IP, you specify the addresses of the various components of TCP/IP that are used to route IP traffic from one host to another. With the correct configuration, TCP/IP can move a packet from one location to another through a clearly defined path. If there are configuration errors, the road for TCP/IP communications is a jumbled path, with no clear way for packets to reach other hosts. In fact, with an improper configuration, you could be telling TCP/IP to make a U-turn to route a packet while a traffic sign clearly states, “No U-turns Allowed.”

If TCP/IP is configured correctly, you can contact another host by using the remote host’s IP address. However, to make a connection you typically refer to another computer by its host name. If you cannot resolve host names to IP addresses, you can’t establish a session with the other host, such as connecting a network drive, connecting to a Web server, or logging on to a domain. Even though TCP/IP may be configured correctly, allowing a smooth path from one host to another, if you can’t resolve host names you can’t accomplish the day-to-day networking tasks that almost always depend on using host names.

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